All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque Essays -- Liter

Its always interesting to see what other people puddle to say concerning a agree one has read personally. Sometimes it is so disappointing because a story may have meant the world, but the referee or the critical writer rips it apart heartlessly. Or, as one may hope, the reviewer enjoyed each bit of the tale as much as was possible. Of course the reality and purpose of a critique is to demonstrate whether the author was successful in his/her goal to create a widely-read piece, a moving piece, or a well written piece to be added to ones collector items. only Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque, is lucky enough to be on my list of agreement with most critics. This almost ninety-year-old, historical fiction smart has been said to embody impressionist ideals about World War I. Great characterization on three different levels also helps the endorser come to a better understanding about the Great War as an event and the ideals people were feeling as a direct re sult. This tale was so great that it was snatched up by Hollywoods affluent of the time and produced. I cannot argue the likelihood that Hollywood picked it up because it was well-written. . When Remarques book entered the literary view in 1929, it was a big success which completely overrode the previous novel he had written some years earlier. I have not personally read his other pieces, but without a doubt only Quiet deserves every bit of attention it received and still does. This well-written novel was not cumbersome in appearance or in the actual reading, and that is a slight shock considering the topics it covered. One of the reasons this book had so much function first in Germany and (luckily) many other countries was that it plainly but truthfully ... ...rtistic expression, (42). His understanding and usage of this method is phenomenal. Obviously others of the day thought so excessively because the story was rather quickly made into a movie.This was the time pe riod when Hollywood jumped on classic books and fantastic new ones entering the literary scene in order to ensure public attendance. Remarques novel was so great that it, in all truth, did not need to be lucky.Works CitedFirda, Richard Arthur. All Quiet on the Western Front Literary Analysis and Cultural Context. New York Twayne Publishers, 1993. Taylor, Harley U., Jr. Erich Maria Remarque A Literary and Film Biography. New York shot Lang Publishing, Inc., 1989. Taylor, Marvin J. The Life and Writings of Erich Maria Remarque. 27 April 2008 .

The Prince Essay -- essays research papers

All the states, all the dominions, under whose authority men have lived in the past and live straighta authorityadays have been and are either republics or principalities. In Machiavellis, The Prince, timeless keys to a successful principality are examined. The keys are understandinghuman nature, respecting that nature, and reaffirming that successful leaders give the sack existin the same fashion yesterday, today, and tomorrow.Machiavellis perspective of human nature is founded on the principle that peoplein general applyt want their culture salmagundid by an outside influence. Machiavellidemonstrates in the book that the nature of people is to defend who they are. When theprince attempts to variegate their culture in any way of sprightliness the subjects ordain do any number ofthings to crush this attempt or even change the leadership. If a prince uses force to try tochange people this leave alone lead to hostility, because as Machiavellis says, they remain,defeated, in their own homes. This underlying fact will lead to a rebellion of some sort. One way this rebellion mickle happen is when a powerful foreigner invades the principality. The now defeated people will join this powerful foreigner, in hopes that their culturewill now be respected, to dethrone the prince. When the prince tries to use force tocontrol the people it only creates enemies. Machiavelli explains this aspect of humannature when he writes, he harms the whole state by billeting his regular forces in different parts ofthe country, everyone suffers from this annoyance, and everybody is turned into anenemy. On the contrast if a prince allows the people to keep their customs Machiavellistates that the people will remain content when he writes, For the rest, so long as theirold ways of life are undisturbed and there is no divergence in customs, men live quietly. another(prenominal) natural tendency of people comes with freedom. erstwhile they have had a taste offreedom, they virtua lly cannot live without it. This feeling of control over ones life is aquality that once molded is nearly impossible to reshape. Machiavelli asserts this ideawhen he writes, a city used to freedom can be more than(prenominal) easily ruled through its owncitizens...than in any other way. The same tendency lies in the control that the princegains over the people in the principality. at once the prince has control he finds that gi... ...ook Mao usedpositive reenforcement to oil the gears of one of the worlds strongest super powers. Maodidnt try to use force and change the culture in China rather he persuaded the people intohaving great national pride. This pride enabled Mao to control the people also build astrong military and defend his land. In China Mao did and still today, decades after hisdeath, have a hand in every aspect of Chinese life. Both of these leaders project howtimeless Machiavellis ideas truly are.The first rung of the ladder to a successful principality is the und erstanding ofhuman nature. A nature that values consistency over forced change and an atmosphere ofcontrol over ones self instead of someone blatently compulsive another. Through thisunderstanding of human nature can a prince hold his power. Once he holds this power thebest way to keep it is by providing defence reaction for the people whom he has power over. These ideas were present in the infamous reigns of Hitler and Mao. Machiavelli is correctthere are either principalities or republics, and I have come to the expiration I prefer thelatter. The Prince Essay -- essays research papers All the states, all the dominions, under whose authority men have lived in the past and live now have been and are either republics or principalities. In Machiavellis, The Prince, timeless keys to a successful principality are examined. The keys are understandinghuman nature, respecting that nature, and reaffirming that successful leadership can existin the same fashion yesterday, today, and tomorrow.Machiavellis perspective of human nature is founded on the principle that peoplein general hold outt want their culture changed by an outside influence. Machiavellidemonstrates in the book that the nature of people is to defend who they are. When theprince attempts to change their culture in any way the subjects will do any number ofthings to crush this attempt or even change the leadership. If a prince uses force to try tochange people this will lead to hostility, because as Machiavellis says, they remain,defeated, in their own homes. This underlying fact will lead to a rebellion of some sort. One way this rebellion can happen is when a powerful foreigner invades the principality. The now defeated people will join this powerful foreigner, in hopes that their culturewill now be respected, to dethrone the prince. When the prince tries to use force tocontrol the people it only creates enemies. Machiavelli explains this aspect of humannature when he writes, he har ms the whole state by billeting his army in different parts ofthe country, everyone suffers from this annoyance, and everybody is turned into anenemy. On the contrast if a prince allows the people to keep their customs Machiavellistates that the people will remain content when he writes, For the rest, so long as theirold ways of life are undisturbed and there is no divergence in customs, men live quietly. some other natural tendency of people comes with freedom. Once they have had a taste offreedom, they virtually cannot live without it. This feeling of control over ones life is aquality that once molded is nearly impossible to reshape. Machiavelli asserts this ideawhen he writes, a city used to freedom can be more easily ruled through its owncitizens...than in any other way. The same tendency lies in the control that the princegains over the people in the principality. Once the prince has control he finds that gi... ...ook Mao usedpositive reenforcement to oil the gears of one of the worlds strongest super powers. Maodidnt try to use force and change the culture in China rather he persuaded the people intohaving great national pride. This pride enabled Mao to control the people also build astrong military and defend his land. In China Mao did and still today, decades after hisdeath, have a hand in every aspect of Chinese life. Both of these leaders project howtimeless Machiavellis ideas truly are.The first rung of the ladder to a successful principality is the understanding ofhuman nature. A nature that values consistency over forced change and an atmosphere ofcontrol over ones self instead of someone blatently haughty another. Through thisunderstanding of human nature can a prince hold his power. Once he holds this power thebest way to keep it is by providing apology for the people whom he has power over. These ideas were present in the infamous reigns of Hitler and Mao. Machiavelli is correctthere are either principalities or republics, and I have come to the conclusion I prefer thelatter.

Bram Stoker report Essay -- Essays Papers

Bram Stoker reportBram Stoker was born in Dublin, Ireland on November 8th, 1847. His fatherwas a civil servant in Dublin Castle, and his mother, Charlotte, was a womens libadvocate. They had seven children in nine historic period the third of which was Bram. Thefirst seven years of his life he was bedridden with an undiagnosed disease whichmay have been anything from rheumatic fever, asthma or a form of nonparalyticpolio. During these first years of his life as he laid in his bed he listened to storieshis mother told him of the cholera epidemic of 1832 people buried alive, andentire families dying in a matter of days. At the age of 12 Bram left his home to attend school at Dublins RutlandSquare under Reverend William Wood. During these years he made up for hispuerility sickness by becoming involved in athletics and became an endurancewalker.Following his older brothers lead in 1863, at the age of 17, he entered threesome College in Dublin. Only ten years after he took his first step s he was nowsix foot two and 175 pounds. He joined several clubs and groups he becamepresident of the Philosophical Society, auditor of the Historical Society, he playedsoccer, was unbeatable in his walking marathons, and after two years he becamethe athletics champion of Trinity. In 1866 Bram took a one year leave of absencefrom Trinity to extend as a clerk in the Registrar of Petty Sessions at Dublin Castle.Later in the year he saw the play The Rivals playing the lead, Captain Absolute,was the British actor heat content Irving, a person who would play a major role inBrams life. He was so impressed by Irvings performance he wroteWhat I saw, to my amazement and delight , was a patrician figure asreal as the person of ones dreams, and endowed with the same poeticalgrace. A young soldier, handsome, distinguished, self-dependentcompact of grace and slumberous energy. A man of quality who stoodout from his surroundings on the stage as a macrocosm of another socialworld. A figure ful l of dash and fine irony, and whose ridiculeseemed to bite buoyant with the joy of life self-conscious anoffensive egocentric envy in his love-making of supreme andunsurpassable insolence, veiled and shrouded in his fine quality ofmanner.He returned to Trinity after his absence and graduated in 1871 with a degreein science, he then stayed on... ...ns. In the last year of his life Stoker suffered from a number of illnesses fromBrights Disease (a direful kidney disease), gout, syphilis, and exhaustion. OnApril 15th, 1912 Florence Stoker rushed to her husbands bedroom to tell him thatthe luxury liner Titanic had sunk the night before. Five days later April 20th, theday the probe into the Titanic disaster began, Bram Stoker died at the ageof 64. His death certificate listed three causes of death Locomotor Ataxy (tertiarysyphilis), Granular Contracted Kidney (Brights Disease), and exhaustion. The narration of genus Dracula has been played out many times over in Hollywoodwith the most famous being Nosferatu (1928), Dracula (1931) starring BelaLugosi, Count Dracula (1971) starring Christopher Lee, and Bram StokersDracula (1992) starring Gary Oldman. It was first a Broadway stage play in thelate 1920s. Its leading actor, Bela Lugosi, would go on to play the originalDracula and play the part in over 80 other horror movies.Dracula still remains the one work Bram Stoker is remembered for andtoday, over 100 years after it was published, it remains one of the most popularbooks of all time.

George Lawrence Mikan :: essays research papers fc

George Lawrence Mikan was born on June 18, 1924, in Joliet, Illinois. He was of Croatian and Lithuanian Decent. Georges height peaked at 6 feet 10 move ones and he weighed 245 pounds. His family consisted of his experience Minnie, father Joseph, and two brothers Joe and Ed. All three boys worked in the family restaurant following school each day. At a young age Georges fury was the piano and he wanted to someday be a concert pianist. Throughout his life this proved to be a beloved hobby. As a boy George did not have many basketball skills and broke his leg in a game at the age of thirteen. He gave priesthood a purify at the Quigley Seminary in downtown Chicago following his attendance at Joliet Catholic High School. The high school coach had discouraged George from basketball because of his eyesight. The Seminary was a thirty-five mile commute from Joliet, which left George no time for basketball. At this time his 6 foot 10 inch stature had done naught but cause him to feel awk ward and shy.George gave basketball another try at Notre Dame University. Coach George Keogan was very skeptical of his success because of the quarter inch glasses that he wore. When Notre Dames assistant coach Ray Meyer took over as head coach of Chicagos DePaul University he unyielding to work with George. The workouts with more agile teammates improved his timing. He followed through with four varsity seasons for DePaul. In Georges first season, DePaul won nineteen games and lost(p) only when five. Georges ability to block shots that were dropping into the basket inspired a new National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rule against goaltending. In 1944 they lost the National Invitational Tournament but came back to win it the next season. George was a three time All-American, from 1944-1946 after performances such as his 120 points in his final three games at DePaul with a high of 53. In all, George led DePaul to an 83-18 record scoring 1,870 points, a collegiate record at that time. George played baseball game in the off-season and was being scouted by the major leagues as a pitcher. With his height and reputation it was inevitable that he would choose basketball.The National Basketball League (NBL) had begun in 1937, but with a limited amount of teams it was a small time operation until World War II. Georges team was sponsored in the same management as many bowling teams.

The Problem of Moral Agency in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Cour

The Problem of Moral Agency in village In install to be a moral agent, a person has to have a good sense of self, they have to know ex incitely who they are and how they must recreate according to the decisions they make. In Hamlet, the moral task at hand is revenge for the murder of Hamlet the elder. The murdered Kings son, also of the same name, must be the ace to avenge the murder. Before Prince Hamlet finds out the true story behind his fathers death, he has his gos incestuous remarriage to his uncle Claudius (who is now the King of Denmark) on his mind. Long after Hamlet learns the truth, he still does nonhing. Hamlet is unable to practice even though he has decided to seek revenge. One reason he does not act is because he cannot get past the fact that his mother is not, in his mind, adequately mourning old Hamlets death. The second reason the Prince has problems with moral agency is because he does not really decide why he is planning to seek revenge on Claudius. His t ask is twofold, he wants to avenge the murder of his father and he wants his mother to reveal her guilt about her hasty and incestuous marriage. Finally, Hamlet does not truly know who he is, and what he is to do until the very last act of Hamlet. This essay aims to explore why Prince Hamlet has trouble becoming a moral agent. When we first encounter Hamlet, his concerns are about his mothers remarriage to his uncle Claudius so soon after his father has died. The Prince is angry because Gertrude is not adequately mourning old Hamlets death, and due to the insistence of Claudius that Hamlet consider him his father and king O God, a living organism that wants discourse of reason Would have mournd longer-- married with my uncle, My fathe... .... When Hamlet is doomed to die, he goes through with his revenge, but not for his father, nor for his mother-- The Prince finally kills the King when he finds out that it he, Claudius, who is liable for the poisonous foil. This final reason to kill Claudius is most important of all. Works Cited Calderwood, James L.. To Be and Not To Be Negation and Metadrama in Hamlet. --New York Columbia University Press, 1983. Shakespeare, William. Alls Well That Ends Well. --In The riverbank Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. --Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974 pp.504-541. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. --In The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. --Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974 pp. 1141-1186. Tirrell, Lynne. Storytelling and Moral Agency. --In The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. --V.48, Spring 1990 pp.115-126.

A Roller Coaster Ride through Sins in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

A Roller Coaster Ride through Sins in The Scarlet Letter   by Hawthorns discrimination toward Puritans,he makes a plot with a series of events that leads you through sins and torments of the three main characters.       The setting is the colonial time period, in the Puritan town of Boston, Massachusetts. The falsehood starts with a group of puritans standing outside a prison door. Hester Prynne leaves the  prison to go to the scaffold to stand with her newly born daughter Pearl. Hester is standing on the scaffold for punishment of adultery, which there is also a scarlet A on her breast symbolizing the sin and crime. She is known to have sinned because she came to the new field  without her husband and gave birth to Pearl.       While standing on the scaffold, she notices a gentleman standing next to an Indian. This gentleman is who we know as Roger Chillingworth. Roger Chillingworth is the husband of Hester. With Hes ter still on the scaffold, he acts why she is standing there with the child. He is told that she has committed adultery .       Hester returns to prison and Roger Chillingworth visits her.  He gives Pearl a drink to make her stop let out and talks to Hester about her sin. She tells him she wont tell him who she slept with and he asks her not to tell anyone that he is her husband. Hester agrees to this.       Hester is released from prison. She makes a living by her amazing sewing abilities.  As Peal gets a little older, Hester tries to discipline her. However, Pearl seems to love to be rebellious. This brings Hester and Pearl to governor Bellinghams. Hester is there to deliver some gloves she made,  but is truly there because she has heard that they power take Pearl away from her. She dresses Pearl up and talks to Bellingham, who is in company of Dimmesdale, Wilson,and Chillingsworth.       These men a re in a meeting to determine endure or not Pearl will stay with her.  The four men see Pearl first and ask her were she comes from.

Globalization’s Side Effects

Globalizations Side Effects May. 14. 2009 Discussing globalizations office effects might non be appropriate without determining first what globalization is. Although everyone has his or her own definition and uses the term globalization in his or her own way, globalization can be defined gener in ally as a condition in which cross-border movements of money, goods, thoughts, and even people have become oftentimes more available on a large scale.Despite globalization having provided people throughout the human race with many benefits, it has caused negative impacts on their countries economies as well(p) as serious concerns about their nationalities and identities, which globalization gradually erases. The primary adverse effect of globalization is that it destabilizes the foundation of the developing countries economies. After cross-border movements of money and goods had become untold faster and easier, many cheap and well-made products have invaded the markets of emerging coun tries.As a result, many local products almost have disappe ard because they simply can not rival the cheap prices and high qualities of foreign products. In Paracho, Mexico, for instance, things are getting worse. A Mexican traditional guitar maker complains that his village has lost its famous workmanship of building guitars because of the invasion of the cheap and well-made guitars from China (Campbell, 2004).Paracho is not only losing its famous craft, but also losing the smarter and more intelligent workers who are leaving it to prove better job opportunities in the Unite State of America. In fact, hundreds and hundreds of villages and cities, especially in developing countries, are losing their main industries in addition to their traditional crafts and accordingly their people emigrate to avoid being jobless. The second adverse effect of globalization is that it is gradually erasing the differences between cultures.Needless to say, a culture is a jell of values and assumpt ions that group of people hold, and what makes the differences between one nation and another is the variety of the differences between these values and these assumptions. Peoples thoughts all over the world about what is stylish and fashionable are starting to converge. Today, everyone seems to have the same desire which is buying what the advertisements want them to buy. The more you buy, the more happiness you get (Rifkin, 2003).For many intellectuals, globalization is making peoples desire cheap. It replaces peoples high and noble thoughts such as building their countries and contributing to human instruction with the culture of consumerism instead. Although many people all over the world acknowledge that globalization has provided them with many benefits, they have a strong feeling that globalization is easy but surely obliterating their culture and traditional way of living. (The Pew Global Attitude Project).In conclusion, there is no doubt about the benefits that people al l over the world gain from globalization. However, it causes developing countries serious problems. People in those countries are not only losing their jobs, but also their identities. They have become consumers of goods that are made in other countries. Globalization indeed is a huge challenge that many societies face some of them have successfully known how to portion out with it, yet many of them, unfortunately, have not, and therefore they have become globalizations victims

Sql Programming Language

SQL is an abbreviation which stands for Structured Query Language. Some read and phrased it as catastrophe while others pronounce it by reading the letters separately. SQL is a standardized query wording apply to retrieve information from entropybases. It was origin tout ensembley designed by International line of merchandise Machine (IBM) way back in the 70s and called its original version as SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language). Since then it has become the favorite query voice communication for Database Management Systems running on minicomputers, mainframes, and Personal Computers up to the present.Query languages argon computer languages utilize to make queries to infobase and information dodging taken from wikipedia. com. It supports databases that be spread place over several computers in a computer networks allowing transaction to take place between Server and Client computers. It is capable of handling simultaneous pick up from several drug users to bo ther to database on a computer networks. One example of SQLs application is on websites that allows users to register information and then do updates and bet later on. SQL is the working on the background to handle everything that the user does though we can non see it.In the year 1979 Oracle Corporation introduced SQL as the first commercial database charge system. Taken from Webopedia. com http//www. webopedia. com/TERM/S/SQL. htm at that place argon many versions of SQL forthwith for the fact that the language itself is still going and evolving. In 1986, SQL version complied with American National stock Institute (ANSI), and in the following year 1987 with the International Standard Organization (ISO). Further development was made in the following years containing expansions and revisions of the relevant parts.Present versions of SQL comp bed to its obsolescent versions can already allow access to external data sources or Non-SQL data sources.IS SQL A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE?S ome people underrated SQL to be considered as a programming language. These people have forgotten to accept the definition itself which states that it is a language. When they talk of programming languages the first things that come to their minds atomic number 18 Assembly Language, Cobol, Fortran, Java, and C++. They insist that it is not compiled and contains less(prenominal)er functions compared to the above mentioned languages.Yes, SQL is a programming language. The languages mentioned above are 3rd generation and High-Level Languages which were invented to ease the problem of using knotty controls which are hard to memorize and incomprehensible in forms. They are all designed for their own purpose. For instance Cobol is designed for business oriented applications, C is for system programming applications. SQL on the other hand is designed for data access. Data is the most valuable element in business systems and the need to be kept, retrieve, and manipulate. And SQL is in that respect to help.Aside from beingness different in purpose, one feature of a programming language is the convertment of words to Numeric commands. These are both features of the 3rd Generation and the 4th Generation languages. For instance, the machine code represented by a combination of bits 0s and 1s to look for file directories is replaced by using the English word Dir. But if we will look at the syntax and forms that it takes it will still sound awkward English. If you are not long-familiar with Dir you could still get confused with how you are going to use it. 3rd Generation and High-Level Languages are still far closer to the real gentlemans gentleman language.SQL on the other hand is a 4th Generation Language that is very close to the human language. For instance the SQL command UPDATE Employees SET lastname = Sequel WHERE fldidnumber = 2000-c-0001. The command resembles closely to an English sentence structure. It is much closer to human language to manipulate data so it eliminates the threat of using the wrong command since the command itself is much easier to understand. What would happen if you see command that takes that form in future versions of C++, in Java and in other high take aim languages? Will you no longer consider them as a programming language?Another thing to remember is that these languages are now being used in combination in order to support the lacking capability of the other in completing a certain task. A programming language designed mainly for numeric calculations may find it hard to perform data access. What if a completion of task needs both data access and numeric calculations? The only solution is to consider using any assertable combination between the two separately designed languages. That is why SQL commands are being embedded in some Non SQL Products. Do not underestimate the application of SQL for fast data access.We should remember that the main pinnacle of developing computer programming languages is to make data manipulation possible through the use of computer. In order for data manipulation to be successful, computers must be instructed with particular sets of commands. These commands are coded or programmed by computer programmers that when once completed will enable data manipulation. These programmers works are often disrupted when they fail to recognize decently some of the machine based commands or partially human like words even though when given in full listings.If there is a programming language that offers much more readability then that would be best suited in situations like this, and the best example is the SQL. Maybe its less functionality comes from the fact that conversion of all machine based codes do not only took days, but perhaps decades. And that SQL is designed primarily for data access not for creation of another complex application. But it is the easiest one to use when dealing with data access and that is undeniable. That is why up to the present SQL is still being revise and expanded with other functionalities.In the end it is still a language and is considered 4th Generation languages.SQL COMMANDSTypes of SQL Commands Like other programming languages, SQL commands are categorized according to its functions. These functions acknowledge building database objects like tables and queries, manipulating objects, inserting data to existing tables, updating existing data in tables, deleting existing data from tables, performing database queries, controlling database access, and overall database administration. The main categories are1. DDL (Data Definition Language)Data Definition Language, DDL, is consists of SQL commands that allows a user to create and restructure database objects, such as the creation or the deletion of a table. Examples of DDL Commands are pee-pee delay CommandTables in databases are the most basic structure where all information pertaining to particular records are stored in columns called handle. A table is co mposed of at to the lowest degree two or more columns or fields. Records expand in rows.Syntax CREATE TABLE table_name (column 1 data_type_for_column_1, column 2 data_type_for_column_2, )All you have to do is replace the portion table_name with the name of the table you will create, replace column1 with the name of the first field followed by space and followed by data type of the first field.Example CREATE TABLE Employee (FirstName char(40), LastName char(40), Address char(40), City char(50), Country char(25), Birth_Date date) ALTER TABLE Command This command is used to change a table structure.Syntax ALTER TABLE table_name alter specification alter specification are listed belowFor Adding new column ADD NewColumn data type for NewColumn 1.For Deleting or overleapping an existing column DROP ColumnName.For Changing a column name CHANGE OldColumnName NewColumnName data type for NewColumnName.For Changing the data type for a column MODIFY ColumnName newdatatype.Examples If we want to add a column for Employee perspective with data type Char ALTER table Employee add Employee_Status char(1) To rename Employee_Status to EmpStat ALTER table Employee change Employee_Status EmpStat char(50)DROP TABLE CommandUsed to delete an existing table. Syntax Drop tablename.Example Drop Employee.CREATE INDEX CommandIndexes are created to make searches much faster. Most index are defined on fields which is mostly used for clear-cut like the id number, or lastname fields.Syntax CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name).Example CREATE INDEX idxFirstname ON Employee (Firstname)CREATE VIEW CommandViews are like tables, but they do not physically stores data which table does. Views only stores data temporarily.Syntax CREATE VIEW VIEW_NAME AS SQL Statement.Example CREATE VIEW VwEmployee AS SELECT FirstName, LastName, Country FROM Employee.Other commands included in DDL are Drop View and Drop Index.2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)Data Manipulation Language, DML, is con sists of SQL commands used to manipulate data indoors objects of a relational database. There are third basic DML commands listed belowINSERT CommandInsert command is used to add record to a database table.Syntax INSERT INTO tablename (column1, column2, ) VALUES (value1, value2, ).Example INSERT INTO Employee (Firstname, Lastname, ) VALUES (John,Mayer).UPDATE CommandThis command is used to modify a certain record.Syntax UPDATE tablename SET ColumnName = new value WHERE condition.Example UPDATE Employee SET Lastname = Eckert WHERE IdNumber = 2000-c-0001. erase CommandThis command is used to delete records from a table.Syntax DELETE FROM tablenameWHERE condition.Example DELETE FROM Employee WHERE IdNumber = 2000-c-0001.3. DQL (Data Query Language)This command is used to retrieve from one or more tables in a database or from other databases.SELECT CommandSyntax SELECT columnname FROM tablename.Example To select only the firstname and the lastname fields of all records from table e mployee SELECT Firstname, Lastname FROM Employee.4. DCL (Data Control Language)These commands allows user to configure how user can access the database. These DCL commands are normally used to create objects related to go through limitations to user access and also control the distribution of privileges among users.Example of these commands are listed belowALTER PASSWORD GRANT REVOKE CREATE SYNONYMYou will find that these commands are often grouped with other commands and may appear in a number of different lessons throughout this book.5. Data administration commandsData administration commands allow the user to perform audits and perform analyses on operations within the database. They can also be used to help analyze system performance. Two general data administration commands are as follows START AUDIT STOP AUDIT6. Transactional Control CommandsThese commands allows user to manage all database transactions that are taking place within a certain period of time.COMMIT this comman d confirms saving of all database transactions that were made by the userROLLBACK this command is used to scratch or undo all database transactions that were made by the userSAVEPOINT Used to create points within groups of transactions in which to be undone or ROLLBACKSET TRANSACTION Places a name on a transactionTHE IMPORTANCE OF SQL IN TODAYS BUSINESS APPLICATIONSTodays business organizations practice is far more different from the by. It is mostly characterized by the computerization of manual data processing, allowing online inquiries, buying, selling, payment, money transfers, social networking, and information sharing.Because data is the most important value for any organization, the demand in the use of SQL which is widely used in the past up to the present is expected to grow. With the expansion of SQLs use from minicomputers, mainframes, PCs, Local Area Network, it is now working behind sophisticated internet based applications. There is a huge demand in the development o f these types of applications nowadays and the demand is predicted to grow in the years to come. There are recent effort to expand SQL for multimedia purposes. We will start checking the importance of SQL versions in todays business applications.Perhaps one of the most powerful features of SQL is its ability to support Server-Client transactions. This is made possible by using SQL Servers which allows database creation. This is what is being implemented in internet based application, in database systems in local area networks which allow several users to access data simultaneously. A Database is created on an SQL Server placed on Large Server Computers and the server is the one that will process the request from several clients. Several Versions of SQL Servers nowadays already have Graphical user Interfaces which allows point and click operation.Another feature of these servers are the capability to generate SQL commands which corresponds to a certain operation. This is very advanta geous for users who are using only point and click option and then later on check what commands are actually done by that whole process. The point and click view is often called as innovation View, while the SQL generated is called the SQL View. For example the creation by clicking a Create View Button in Design View will generate the Create View command that will be shown on SQL View.So it offers much more advantage for beginning SQL users to master SQL Commands, and for practiced users to check their manually created SQL commands by comparing to the ones generated when using point and click option in Design View.REFERENCESPatrick ONeil, Database Principles, Programming, Performance, Morgan Kaufmann 1994Elmasri & Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Benjamin/Cummings, 1994.Ramakrishnan, Database Management Systems, McGraw Hill, 1996.Date & Darwin, A Guide to the SQL Standard, Fourth Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1993.Ullman & Widom, A First Course in Database Systems, Prentice H all, 1997.

Accounting of Pepsico

ACCOUNTING OF PEPSICO Lesley Cummins American Intercontinental University Francis Hoban December 2012 ABSTRACT This paper will discuss the finding that I came upon during the review of PepsiCos yearly report. They are a very strong and independent company and a lot could be learned from their accounting tactics. During the PepsiCo audited account there were no intimate errors to be reported. All consolidated financial statements were presented fairly and accurately during the period of December 26, 2009 to December 25, 2010. The internal control in charge of financial reportage did not show any misstatements (Annual Report, 2010).PepsiCo maintains strong controls over the financial reporting. The system works off of the framework of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (Annual Report, 2010). This system is designed to expand support and reasonable assurance that all transactions are recorded sufficiently. Within the PepsiCo annual report, auditor rep orts and management reports there were no documented discrepancies or conflicts within the ledgers of the company. PepsiCo prides themselves on doing what is right. They are continuously working to monitor their internal controls through self-assessments and ongoing internal audits.One option that PepsiCo should institute within their internal auditing plane section if they do not already is to require mandatory one to two week annual vacations. This is a safeguard that keeps employees, managers and auditors honest. One thing that PepsiCo does do is retentiveness the executive committee actively involved. They need to understand the strategy and financial performance of the company. The intent is to ensure that they remain objective and consistently challenging their feeler to potential opportunities and issues within the business, as well as monitoring the esults and controls. PepsiCo is very proud to have an active, diligent and capable Board. They meet the required standard fo r independence. Their audit committee has high standards and is comprised of independent directors with a keen financial literacy, knowledge and an abundance of experience to create a very strong team. Financial Highlights PepsiCo, Inc. and subsidiaries (in millions invite out per share data all per share amounts assume dilution) 2010 Scorecard We understand that companies succeed when society succeeds, and whats good for the world is good for business.Performance with Purpose ensures that this flop idea is woven into everything we do at PepsiCo. But equally important, it is proving to be a driver of financial performance for our shareholders today and into the future. We continue to strike the match between the short term and the long term through investments in acquisitions, research and development and emerging markets. REFERENCES Annual Report. (2010). Report of Independent Registered Public write up Firm. Retrieved from http//www. pepsico. com/annual10/financials/auditor-re ports. html

Origin of life Essay

In the summary given, opening of life is said to have risen from the primitive lands atmosphere. The atmosphere of the early earth is said to have many carbon dioxides only if no oxygen. These carbon dioxides will act as reactants in order to create much to a greater extent complex organic substances such as proteins, carbohydrates lipids, phospholipids, and nucleotides. The said substances are well known as the twist blocks of life. This is the evidence that supports their claim that life fountated from the gases present in the early earths atmosphere.Also to support their claims, an experiment during the early 1950s would confirm that it is true that simple carbon based compounds can course be created under the environment of the primitive earth. In other readings, the early life is said to have also talks about the building blocks of life. The Panspermia theory proposed that these building blocks of life would have originated outside of the earth. These building blocks or the seed of life might be scattered around the galaxy or withal the universe.Also the same as the summary in piecing it together, the panspermia theory suggests that whenever conditions are met, the building blocks of life will grow and develop. The only downfall of the theory is that, since the building blocks of life came from outside the earth, then there is a great possibility that other life may form from outside of the earth. Evidence of this theory is that, a certain bacteria were discovered in the earths upper atmosphere. Whats interesting with the discovery is that the bacteria were similar to the bacteria found in the earth. The bacteria might brought by the space crafts that left the earth.But still, there is a probability that the bacteria would have evolved from outside of the earth. Unfortunately, this theory is lacking in evidence. Some scientists are still on the verge of research in order to prove that their claims were right (Backman, 2007). The summary has a basis a bout its claims of the origin of life. But problems arise. The origin of the earth is still not established very well. It is said in the summary that substances from the early earth will evolve but the existence of the early earth is not yet been proved. Both the theories lack evidence to support claims of the origin of life.

Exhibit Advertisement Essay

Please join the Rhode Island School of Design in exploring a blast from the past Our annual artwork exhibit will be celebrated January 22, 2012 in RISDs auditorium. This year will showcase art work from the Early Chinese and Early Japanese Civilizations. During this free exhibit your consummate family will be able to explore the very fascinating masterpieces from ancient Chinese and Japanese artist. Throughout the exhibit you will see different mental strains of art with each piece reflecting on their culture, history, and religious beliefs.Please take some time to read about some of the artwork that will be displayed, and its roots. spirit these amazing art forms seat be comprehended by first taking a look on how all forms of art was greatly influenced by Early Chinese Civilization. there are many connections between culture, religion, and spiritual beliefs. Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism were religions that greatly affected Chinese artist. These religions and philosophie s flirted social responsibility, responsibility towards nature, practical and obscure relations, along with healthy life balance.In addition to religion the admiration of nature played a very special part in art whether it is sculptures, calligraphy scrolls, or architecture. The wide array of art forms can be traced back to the Chinese culture. In the first preview you will notice a bronze horse this artwork was created during the Han Dynasty. A horse for many was means of transportation however the Chinese valued the horse, especially due to their location. The breed of horses that were purchasable to the Chinese were considered flying horses due to their speed.Many emperors along with citizens valued animals and nature because of their spiritual beliefs. Chinese men also valued the horse understanding that in time or war horses were an essential part to defeating enemies. Another art form that can be viewed at our annual exhibit is the representation of Yin and Yang. Yin and Ya ng represent the equal balance of life. This is most commonly represented by black and white, although the Chinese understood that life would not always be black and white.The Chinese understood that no part of life could be relevant without the other and appreciated the good with the bad and believed in things being equal. Japanese art form absorbed many of the influences from the Chinese Civilization. Japanese art in its own way is a concentrated form of Chinese work and cultural beliefs. There were Taoist and Confucius influences however the Shinto and Buddhist society were also heavily acknowledged. The love and respect for spiritual peace in addition to nature can be easily identified in Japanese art.Much like the Chinese, the Japanese also valued family, life balance, and elder wisdom. In the above encounter one can sense the importance of religion and spiritual finding. The Shaka Triad displays in the center Buddha. This art work was a direct influence of Buddhism, which po sterior became to influence the court life of the Japanese. (Benton & DiYanni, 2008) This piece of art was directly influenced by the Chinese sculpture traditions especially those of pre-Tang period.

Database: Entity-relationship Model

Appendix A A virtual(a) film to Entity-Relationship moulding A interoperable range to Entity-Relationship imitate Il-Yeol Song and Kristin Froehlich College of Information Science and Technology Drexel University Philadelphia, PA 19104 Abstract The Entity-Relationship (ER) deterrent example and its accomp some(prenominal)ing ER diagrams ar widely utilised for entropybase creation and Systems Analysis. M individually books and articles just domiciliate a definition of each feigninging comp matchless(prenominal)nt and give examples of pre-built ER diagrams.Beginners in info mannequining earn a great deal of difficulty accomplishment how to memory access a given occupation, what questions to ask in pronounce to build a position, what chemical formulas to use while constructing an ER diagram, and why unmatchable diagram is rectify than an new(prenominal). In this paper, on that pointfore, we nonplus step-by-step guidelines, a set of decision rules proven to be recyclable in create ER diagrams, and a case study trouble with a preferred answer as well as a set of incorrect diagrams for the problem.selective informationbase counsel System and DataThe guidelines and decision rules watch been successfully used in our beginning Database forethought Systems course for the last eight years. The case study will bequeath readers with a detailed approach to the modeling process and a deeper taking into custody of data modeling. Introduction Entity family diagrams (ERD) are widely used in database radiation diagram and systems analysis to represent systems or problem universes. The ERD was introduced by subgenus Chen (1976) in early 1976. Teorey, Yang, and Fry (1986) present an extended ER model for relational database design.The ERD models a given problem in terms of its essential elements and the interactions amidst those elements in a problem domain. The ERD tidy sum serve as the basis for databases, which store data intimately the problem domain, and which use, manipulate, and constrain that data. Experts in systems analysis and database design are adept at pick uping user requirements and hence translating them into corresponding comp atomic number 53nts of the model. M all books and articles just provide a definition of each modeling comp star and only(a)nt and give examples of pre-built ER diagrams. Beginners in data modeling have a great eal of difficulty learning how to approach a given problem, what questions to ask in devote to build a model, what rules to use while constructing an ER diagram, and why wizard diagram is better than another. 213 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship modeling Ahrens and Song (1991) present a set of requirements elicitation pathfinder sentences, structured English template sentences, and some decision rules for database modeling. This paper presents a set of heuristic rules which improve upon those presented by Ahrens and Song (1991), together with a d etailed case study analysis.We accept step-by-step guidelines, a set of decision rules proven to be useful in building ER diagrams, and a case study problem with a preferred answer as well as a set of incorrect diagrams for the problem. These guidelines and decision rules have been successfully used in our beginning Database Management Systems course for the last eight years. The case study will provide readers with a detailed approach to the modeling process and a deeper looking of data modeling. The Entity-Relationship Diagram The entity affinity diagram is a graphical representation of a conceptual structure of a problem domain being modeled.The ERD assists the database designer in identifying the data and the rules that will be be and used in a database. The ERD is an implementation-independent representation of a problem domain and it facilitates communication among the end-user and the analyst. ERDs batch be easily converted into a logical database structure that can be readily implemented in a particular commercial database management system. The fundamental components of the ERD are entities, properties of entities called designates, and familys surrounded by entities. Entities Entities are PRIMARY THINGS of a problem domain about which users need to record data.Ross (1988) provides a list of candidate entity types which could be include in the model. (1) People humans who carry out some function Employees, Students, Customers (2) Places sites or locations Cities, Offices, Routes (3) Things tangible physical objects Equipment, Products, Buildings (4) Organizations Teams, providers, Departments (5) Events things that happen to some other entity at a given date and time or as in an couched sequence Employee promotions, Project phases, delineate honorariums (6) Concepts intangible ideas used to keep track of dividing line or other activities Projects, grudges, Complaints 214 stepsAppendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling These candidate entity types need to be evaluated against a particular domain being modeled. almost decision rules are discussed in a later section of this paper. Attributes Attributes are properties of entities or alliances. Entities have two types of properties identifying attributes and descriptive attributes. Identifying attributes alone(predicate)ly determine each lawsuit of an entity type. They are called entity identifiers or keys. For example, the attribute social security matter would uniquely identify each member or instance of the entity type student.Descriptive attributes of student competency include year, advisor, and grade point average. Each instance of an entity has a value for each attribute. value for grade point average might include 2. 5, 3. 45, and 4. 0. Values for year might include 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994. Only attributes that are meaningful in terms of modeling the problem under consideration are included in the ERD. For example, we would not includ e eye color in a student database. Relationships Relationships are another basic component of the ERD. A relationship is an standoff in the midst of or among things or entities.A relationship describes a meaningful interaction that inevitably to be remembered by the system. The degree of a relationship indicates how numerous another(prenominal) entities are dynamic in the relationship. A unary relationship describes an association of an entity with itself. A binary relationship, the most common instance, describes an association between two entities. A ternary (or n-ary ) relationship is an association between three or more(prenominal) entities. The ER methods that release only unary and binary relationships are called binary models, while ER methods that allow any type of relationship are called n-ary models.For more thorough treatment of ternary relationships, see Jones and Song (1995, 1996) and Song and Jones (1995). Cardinality and Participation Constraints Cardinality is a backwardness on the relationship between two entities. Specifically, the cardinality constraint expresses the level best crook of entities that can be associated with another entity via a relationship. For example, in a binary relationship (a relationship with two participating entities), we can have three possible cardinalities oneto-one (11), one-to-many (1N), or many-to-many (MN).One-to-one cardinality says that, for entities customer and flyer, one customer can have at most one account and one account cannot be owned by more than one customer. One-to-many cardinality says that one customer can have many accounts, but one account cannot be owned by more than one customer. Many-to-many cardinality says that one customer can have many accounts and one account may be owned by many customers. 215 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Participation is withal a relationship constraint.Participation expresses the minimum number of entities that can be ass ociated with another entity via a relationship. There are two values for intimacy entireness or mandatory participation and partial(p) or optional participation. If both instance of an entity must participate in a given relationship then that entity has total participation in the relationship. But if every instance need not participate in a given relationship then the participation of that entity in the relationship is partial. Given the relationship employee whole kit for epartment, an employee has partial participation in that relationship if he or she need not work for a department. An employee has total participation in the relationship if he or she must work for at least one department. Similarly, a department has partial participation in the relationship if it can exist without having any employees. A department has total participation in the relationship if it must have at least one employee. Cardinality and participation constraints are business rules in the problem dom ain being modeled. These constraints represent the way one entity type is associated with another entity type.These constraints are also integrity constraints because they help to ensure the the true of the database. These constraints square up the ways in which data from different parts of the database can be associated. For example, lets say the cardinality of the relationship between Customer and direct is one-to-one, as in human body 1(a) below. If customer C1 is associated with account A3, then C1 cannot be associated with any other accounts and A3 cannot be associated with any other customers. 216 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling (a) One to One (11)One customer can have at most one account. One account cannot be owned by more than one customer. Customer 1 CA 1 Account ER Diagram C1 C2 C3 A1 A2 A3 Occurrence Diagram (b) One to Many (1n) One customer can have many accounts. One account cannot be owned by more than one customer. Customer 1 C1 C 2 C3 CA n A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Account ER Diagram Occurrence Diagram (c) Many to Many (nm) One customer can have many accounts. One account may be owned by many customers. Customer n C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 CA m A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Account ER Diagram Occurrence Diagram ascertain 1.CARDINALITY The expression of the level best number of entities that can be associated to another entity via a relationship. Occurrence Diagrams show the relationships between occurrences or instances of each entity. 217 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Taxonomy in ER Modeling In an ER model, an entity is represented as a rectangle containing the name of the entity. The names of attributes are enclosed in an oval connected to the rectangle of the entity they describe. Attributes may be omitted from the diagram to avoid cluttering it and also in the early stages of development.Relationships are represented by diamonds between entities. The notation of the ERD, however, varies according to the m odeling approach used. binary star models do not use the diamond to indicate a relationship, do not represent attributes of relationships, and do not allow ternary relationships, that is, relationships between three or more entities. Martin (1989), Bachman (1992), ERWin and IDEF1X (Bruce, 1992) use the binary modeling approach. Most text books use n-ary modeling, including Elmasri and Navathe (1994), Hawryszkiewycz (1991), Teorey (1994), Batini, Ceri and Navathe (1992), and McFadden and Hoffa (1994).A few notations are illustrated below. n Employee 1 Department a) Chen Employee Department b) Teorey n Employee 1 Department c) Elmasri Navathe Employee (0,1) works_for is_worked_for Employee works_for Employee p works_for Employee c has (1,n) Department d) MERISE Employee Department e) IE Department f) Bachman Department g) IDEF1X Department h) Shlaer & Mellor Figure 2. Various notations for ER Diagram representing one employee works for zero or one department and one department has o ne or more employees. 218 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship ModelingEach diagram in Figure 2 contains two entities employee and department. In diagrams a, b, c, and d, the diamond indicates the relationship between the entities. These diagrams use n-ary modeling. Diagrams e through h are examples of binary modeling. They do not represent the relationship with the diamond shape. Instead, diagrams e, f, and h label the line between the entities with the relationship name. Attributes were not represented in the diagrams for simplicity. The various circles, lines, arrows, and letters on the diagram indicate cardinality and participation constraints.For a more complete treatment of various ER modeling methods, see Song, Evans, and third estate (1995). ER Modeling How does one begin creating an entity relationship diagram? In this paper, we present step-by-step guidelines to build an ERD using n-ary modeling using Elmasri and Navathes notation (see 2. c). In dodge 1, w e summarize a sequence of steps of database design using an ER model. broadside that these steps are iterative. 1. Understand the problem domain. Analyze database requirements. pen a thick specification in English, if not created yet. What do we need to store into the database? What queries and reports do we need to generate? What are grave people, places, physical things, organizations, events and rob concepts in the organization? 2. physique a conceptual schema by creating an ER diagram. (a) Identify entity types. aver a singular noun to each entity type. (b) Identify relationships between (among) entities. Use a meaningful verb for a relationship name. (c) Draw an ERD without attributes. (d) Identify relationship cardinalities. Mapping constraint (11, 1N, NM) Participation constraint (Total, Partial) (e) Assign attributes to entity types and relationship types.Usually attributes come from nouns, adjectives or adverbs. (f) contract identifiers (primary keys) for entity ty pes. Weak entity composite primary key. Regular entity choose/create a whizz attribute primary key. (g) Select the PKs of relationships. If 11, then the PK of either side entity type may be selected. If 1N, then the PK of N-side entity type must be selected. If MN, then a composite PK consisting of PKs of two entity types must be used. If ternary, then a composite PK consisting of the PKs of at least two entity types.The actual PKs selected will vary depending on the cardinality. 3. Design a logical schema. (a) Translate the ERD into a relational schema 219 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling If a relationship cardinality is in all likelihood to be changed use s table method. If a relationship cardinality is not probably to be changed use mapped method. If a relationship cardinality is not likely to be changed and unprofitable values of foreign keys are significant use mapped with total/partial method. (b) Check normalization (at least 3NF). (c) Creat e data dictionaries. A schema table One table for each relation created in step (a) Assign a domain type for each attribute. Explain the meaning of attributes, if not intuitive. Note other values such as range, null, PK, FK, indexed, source, possessor (d) Do database prototyping & modify the design if needful. (e) Summarize the design assertion (integrity, security). 4. Verify the design with users. Iterate the steps, if necessary. Table 1. Steps to DB Design using ER Modeling First, it is of the essence(predicate) to study the problem domain at hand. Analyze database requirements.Write a summary separate for the problem domain, considering what data need to be stored and what queries and reports need to be processed. All the information necessary for the identified queries and reports must be included in the summary paragraph. Revise the summary paragraph considering database requirements. Second, from the summary paragraph, find nouns. They are candidates for entity types. To determine whether a noun should be designated as an entity, the hobby decision rules may be applied. ordinance 1 Every entity type should be important in its own right within the problem domain.Rule 2 IF an object type (noun) has only one property to store thus it is an attribute of another entity type ELSE it is an entity type. Rule 3 IF an object type has only one data instance and then do not model as an entity type. Rule 4 IF a relationship needs to have a unique identifier 220 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling THEN model it as an entity type. The first three rules are used to evaluate object types or nouns, and the fourth rule is used to evaluate relationships or verbs. Example 1 Address is usually a property of another object type, like customer, vendor, or company.Its existence is less important and not meaningful in its own right within the problem domain. Address should be modeled as an attribute. Example 2 hypothecate we are modeling the customers of a company and we want to include the city where each customer resides. If the name of the city is its only attribute, then, following Rule 2, model city as an attribute not an entity. Similarly, consider the case of modeling employees and their departments. If the only important property of the department is its name, then Rule 2 tells us to model it as an attribute.However, if we need to store additional properties of each department such as projects or total sales, then we should consider modeling it as an entity. Example 3 Consider modeling the activities of a trucking company. Since there is only one instance of the trucking company, then, according to Rule 3, it is not necessary to represent it in our model as an entity. We note that it is not wrong to model this single instance noun as an entity type. We simply do not model it as an entity type at the conceptual level because it does not add any modeling power.We need the fourth rule because one fact can be stated in many different ways in English. In the fourth rule, distinguishing between entities and relationships depends on the function the component plays in the problem domain and how data will be stored about it. Example 4 Consider the three statements customer orders products, customer pays bills, and reviewer reviews papers. Even though orders and pays come to the fore to represent relationships, we model them as entities since each instance would need a unique number for identification in real-world situations.Information would be stored in the database for each order and payment. Each review is not likely to need a unique identification number. Instead, we identify each review activity by a combination of Paper and Reviewer. Thus, by Rule 4, we model reviews as a relationship type. Once entities have been assigned, we proceed to identify relationship types between those entities. Verbs are useful candidates for relationships. The following question is useful for identifying relat ionships What sentences can be constructed of the form Entity Verb Entity? For example, 221Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Employee has children (Existence relationship) Professor teaches students (Functional relationship) Customer places order (Event relationship) Note that a relationship is not an action of a flow of data as in data flow diagrams. They are important interactions, between two or more entities, that need to be remembered by the system. In the above examples, we want to remember the facts that who is a child of which employee, which professor teaches which students, and which customer places which order. alike keep in mind that all relationships are bi- oversightal.We should be able to state the relationship in both directions. Expressing the relationships above in the opposite direction yields the following statements Children belong to employee Students are taught by professor Order is placed by customer After an ERD has been built , the following rule can aid in validating the diagram. Rule 5 IF any verb refers to nouns which are not selected as entity types THEN do not model it as a relationship type. If any verb in the ERD fails to follow Rule 5, then consider it again carefully before including it in the diagram.When entities and relationships have been identified, then the cardinality and participation constraints of the relationships can be analyzed. The following rules can help determine the cardinality and participation constraints for a given binary relationship. A B Rule 6 For each A, what is the maximum number of Bs that may be associate to it? Rule 7 IF A can exist without being associated with a B THEN A has partial (optional) participation ELSE A has total (mandatory) participation. 222 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Example 5 Consider the relationship Supplier Supplies Account.For each Supplier, what is the maximum number of Accounts that may be related to it? Lets say that in our problem domain, each Supplier may have many Accounts but each Account may have only one Supplier. By Rule 6, the cardinality constraint for SupplierAccount is 1N or one to many. Figure 1 illustrates the cardinality constraints. Example 6 In determining the participation constraint of Supplier Supplies Account, we follow Rule 7 If Supplier can exist without being associated with Account, THEN Supplier has partial participation, ELSE Supplier has total participation.In our problem domain, Supplier may exist without being associated with Account. Therefore, Supplier has partial participation in the Supply relationship. However, since Account cannot exist without a Supplier Account has total participation in the Supply relationship. Some basic naming conventions have been established to maintain accuracy and consistency in the database and to avoid redundancy. All entity names should be unique. Use singular nouns in the diagram for both entity and attribute names. Use v erbs in the present tense for relationship names. Verbs should be meaningful.For example, avoid verbs like is, has, and do whenever possible. Additionally, well-defined ERDs should satisfy the following basic rules All entities and relationships should be connected. All entity names should be unique. Each entity must have at least one relationship. A relationship cannot be directly connected to another relationship. Every entity must have at least one unique attribute, which serves to identify each instance of that entity. Case Study The following example will illustrate our guidelines for modeling requirements of the problem domain with entity-relationship diagrams.Using the summary paragraph of the problem description below, we will progress through the steps described above. The nouns in the problem description appear in boldface and the verbs are italicized to aid in the following analysis. Summary Paragraph of Problem Description A database specialist wants to design a par t of the database for a small drug store owner as follows The owner wants to keep track of all the providers who interpret anything to the store. For each supplier, the owner assigns a unique supplier number, and wants to keep the 223Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling company name, target (number, street, city, state, zip), contact persons name, phone number, fax number, and a comment for each supplier. For each supply activity, an account is established to keep track of the date incurred, the total cost of the activity, due date for payment, outstanding balance after some payments, and any special comments related to the account. For each account, the owner may pay at several different times and in different ways (e. g. , cash, check, credit card).For each payment activity, the owner wants to keep the date of payment, amount of payment, method of payment (check check number credit card credit card name, type, and number). Note that one supplier can suppl y many times and one payment can pay for several accounts of the same supplier. Entity Analysis After reading and understanding the problem statement, our first step is to identify entities for the ERD. To do that we examine the nouns in the problem statement. Nouns appear in boldface. We test each noun against our four criteria to determine whether or not it should be included as an entity type.Our first noun is owner. Recall that an entity type has more than one instance and more than one property. Since there is only one instance of owner, we do not model it as an entity type. Similarly, there is only one store, so we need not represent store as an entity type. The attached noun, supplier, can be classified as an entity type. Several properties of supplier are listed in the problem statement. The statement also refers to more than one supplier. Therefore, according to Rules 1, 2, and 3, we model supplier as an entity.For each supplier, the owner wants to store the following prop erties in the database supplier number, company name, contact person, address, phone number, fax number, and comment. Each of these attributes except address has only one property to store so we model them as attributes. Address has its component properties number, city, state, and zip so one might be tempted to model it as an entity type. However, the role of address as a property of supplier supersedes the fact that address has properties of its own. In other words, address itself without supplier is not important in its own right.Therefore, by Rule 1, we model address as an attribute. Account is the next noun. Account has several properties to be stored in the database date incurred, total cost, due date, account balance, and comments and we will store information about numerous accounts. Therefore, we designate account as an entity. Its properties are modeled as attributes of account. Payment is clearly an entity, with multiple instances and various properties. The properties o f payment date of payment, amount of payment, and method of payment, are modeled as its attributes.Cash, check, and credit card appear to be attributes of payment, but actually, they are not attributes themselves, but simply different values for the attribute method of payment. This distinction becomes clearer if we think about 224 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling storing data in the database. For each payment, one of the values cash, check, or credit card will be stored in the location containing data about the method of payment. Check number and credit card name, type and number may be modeled as attributes of Payment. Supplier Account Payment Figure 3. Entities to be included in the ERD.Relationship Analysis Our analysis of nouns in the problem statement has produced three entities Supplier, Account, and Payment (Figure 3). Keep these entities in mind as we identify relationships between them. Lets examine the verbs in the problem statement as candidat es for relationships in the diagram. Verbs appear in italics. Of the verbs in the problem statement keep track, assigns, supply, established, and pay, only supply and pay are possible candidates for relationships between the entities account, supplier, and payment. Keep track and keep appear several times in the problem statement.These terms refer, not to a relationship between entities, but generally to storing data in the database. In other words, they are used to describe the problem domain, not an interaction that needs to be remembered by the system. Therefore, we do not model them as relationships. Established, in the statement an account is established, is an activity performed by the owner or the system itself. Similarly, owner assigns a unique supplier number reflects an activity by the owner. These two verbs do not represent relationships between any of our three entities. Thus, we are left(p) with the verbs supply and pay.A supplier performs a supply activity. The result of a supply activity is an account. Therefore, a good candidate for the relationship between supplier and account is supply. Stated in both directions, the relationship is Supplier supplies account and account is supplied by supplier. Rule 4 states that if a relationship needs to have a unique identifier, then model it as an entity. Each supply activity is unique, so we may be tempted to model supply as an entity. However, the data for each activity is stored using the entity account, so it is not necessary to create another entity which stores the same information.Each payment credits an account so pay is the relationship between payment and account. Expressing the relationship pay in both directions, we can say account is paid by payment and payment pays account. 225 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Now we can draw the basic ERD (Figure 4). We include the entities Supplier, Account, and Payment, and the relationships Supply and Pay. Attributes may be a dded to the diagram at this point or omitted to avoid clutter. Supplier Supply Account Pay Payment Figure 4. ERD without attributes and constraintsAnalysis of Cardinality and Participation Constraints In order to identify the cardinality and participation constraints of each relationship in the ERD, we follow Rules 6 and 7 looking at the relationship first from the point of view of one entity and then from the other entity. In our ERD above, to determine the cardinality constraint of the relationship Supply, we begin by asking, For each Supplier, what is the maximum number of Accounts that may be created? From the problem statement, we know that one supplier can supply many times and an account is established for each supply activity.Viewing the relationship in the other direction, we ask, What is the maximum number of Suppliers for which each Account may contain information? From the problem statement we can assume that each account carries information for a single supplier, sinc e accounts are established for individual supply activities. Thus, for each supplier, there may be many accounts and each account may have only one supplier. The relationship Supplier Supplies Account is a one-to-many relationship. The diagram is attach with a 1 on the side of the relationship Supply nearer to Supplier, and an N (for many) on the side nearer to Account (see Figure 5).To identify the cardinality of the relationship Payment Pays Account, we look at the relationship from both directions. We ask, What is the maximum number of Payments we can accept for each Account? The answer is clearly stated in the problem statement For each account, the owner may pay at several different times and in different ways. From the opposite direction, For each Payment, what is the maximum number of Accounts for which it may pay? Again, we find the answer in the problem statement One payment can pay for several accounts of the same supplier. In sum, each account 226Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling may receive many payments and each payment may pay for many accounts. Therefore, the relationship Payment Pays Account is many-to-many. This time, we mark our diagram with an M on one side of the relationship Pay and an N on the other side. (Note that the use of M or N is completely arbitrary. ) We go through a similar process to determine the participation constraint of each relationship, looking at the relationship from each direction. For the Supply relationship we ask, Can a Supplier exist without generating Accounts? In the other direction, Can an Account exist without having Suppliers supply merchandise? The answers to these questions are not explicit in the problem statement. In a real world situation, the database designers would clarify questions like these with the owner. In this case, we will make assumptions from what we understand about the problem domain. Suppliers are generally fairly stable entities. A company maintains relati onships with several regular suppliers regardless of whether they have outstanding accounts. On the other hand, an account is only created when a supplier supplies merchandise.Since suppliers can exist without having current accounts, Supplier has partial participation in the Supply relationship. Accounts, however, depend on suppliers for their existence. Thus, Account has total participation in the Supply relationship. To determine the participation of the entities Payment and Account in the Pay relationship, we ask, Can a Payment exist without salaried for an Account ? and Can an Account exist without receiving Payments against it? A payment which pays for nothing is absurd. It cannot exist without an account. An account, however, may exist without receiving payments against it.Therefore, Payment has total participation and Account has partial participation in the relationship Pay. In representing the cardinality and participation constraints described above in our ERD, we will employ Elmasri and Navathes (1994) notation. If an entity has partial participation in the relationship, then a single line is drawn on the line between that entity and the relationship. A double line indicates total participation. The cardinality constraint is represented by Look crosswise convention, while participation constraint is represented by Look Here convention.Figure 5 illustrates the final ERD with cardinality and participation constraints. 227 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling 1 Supplier Supply N Account M Pay N Payment Figure 5. ERD with cardinality and participation constraints. Errors in Modeling A common error that novice designers make is failing to recognize the boundaries of a problem domain. They fail to make a distinction between elements that comprise the national of the database and elements that are outside the scope of the database. For example, in the problem statement bove, a novice might want to model the verbs keep track or assigns or established as relationships (see Figure 6(a)). These verbs refer to implementing the database and not to its content. Keep track refers to storing data in the database, established refers to adding an instance of an entity to the database, and assigns refers to giving a value to an attribute of an entity. In deciding which elements to model, it is valuable to keep in mind the real world situation. Novice designers also frequently confuse entities with their attributes or properties, as in Figure 6(b).Occasionally, if properties are complex and play a significant role in the problem domain, then they may be modeled as entities. more(prenominal) often, however, properties of an entity should be modeled as attributes. In our problem statement, a novice user may decide to model address, a property of the entity supplier, as an entity. Modeling Address follows Rules 2 and 3 about identifying entities it has more than one property and it has more than one occurrence. However, address does not follow Rule1 in that it is not important in its own right.The role of address in the database is more accurate as an attribute of supplier, than as an entity with its own relationships. Other errors are modeling substantiating or redundant relationships and inappropriately modeling object types as relationships sooner than as entities. Given our problem statement, one may be tempted to model the relationship Payment Pays Supplier as in Figure 6(c) or Supplier Pays Account as in Figure 6(d) rather than Payment Pays Account. Figure 6(c) represents the association between payment and account indirectly. This indirect relationship can only exist after we have all the direct 228Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling relationships as in Figure 5. In this case, the indirect relationship simply becomes redundant. Without the direct relationships, the indirect relationship cannot be added, because it cannot explain how a particular payment is distribu ted to multiple accounts. Figure 6(d) represents the relationship Pay rather than the entity Payment. In either of these two cases, it is difficult to explicitly represent the fact that one payment can pay for several accounts of the same supplier. We can only tell implicitly by reading the check number for the various payments.If the payment is made in cash, there is no way to identify that it paid for more than one account. If the representation used in Figure 6(d) is used, then the attributes related to payments date of payment, amount of payment, and method of payment, are now attributes of the relationship Pay. This representation can add unnecessary complexity to the model. Ordinarily, a relationship is uniquely represented by the identifiers of one or more of the entities which participate in it. If the relationship includes a time-dependent attribute like date of payment, then that attribute must also be included in the primary key for that relationship.Additionally, instanc es of date of payment and amount of payment will require redundant representation because they will have to be included for each account covered by a payment. Finally, in business practice, each payment activity usually requires a unique identifier. Therefore, following Rule 4, it is more appropriate to model payment as an entity than as a relationship. As an entity, the representation is more straightforward and less likely to include redundant or inaccurate information. 229 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling a) Selection of wrong verb as relationship possessor (b) Attribute as entity Supplier Located_at Address Keeps_track Payment (c) Indirect relationship Payment Pays Supplier Establishes Account (d) Payment as relationship instead of entity Establishes Supplier Pays Account Figure 6. Errors in ERD Modeling. Limitations of Guidelines and Rules Two limitations of our guidelines are that they dont account for incomplete requirements analysis or for ambigu ity in the problem description. If the problem description is incomplete, then the resulting analysis based on this approach will also be incomplete.We assume that the analysis is complete. If the problem specification is modified, the analysis and resulting ERD should be modified as well. In English, one concept can be represented in many different ways. For example, we can say that customer orders products or customer places an order to buy products. Order is used 230 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling as a verb in the first sentence and as a noun in the second. We minimize this problem by adopting Rule 4, which states that if a verb needs to have a unique identifier, we model it as an entity type rather than a relationship type.Conclusion We have discussed a set of decision rules which are useful in building ERDs and have illustrated the application of these rules using a single example. ERD constructs discussed here include Entities, Relationships, Attr ibutes, Cardinality constraints and Participation constraints. To simplify our discussion, we didnt include other constructs such as Weak Entity, Ternary Relationship, and Generalization/ Specialization. Our rules are heuristics which we have found useful for most cases to build ERDs in the early stages of analysis.However, these rules may need some refinement in some problem domains and the rules should be adapted to the problem domain under consideration. References Ahrens, J. and Song, I. Y. (1991). EER Data Modeling Aids for Novice Database Designers. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conferences of the Information Resources Management, Memphis, TN, May 19-22, 1991, pp. 99-114. Bachman (1992). Bachman Analyst, Bachman Information Systems Incorporated. Batini, C. , Ceri, S. , and Navathe, S. (1992). Conceptual Database Design An EntityRelationship Approach, Redwood City, CA Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.Bruce, T. (1992). Designing Quality Databases with IDEF1X Info rmation Models. New York, New York Dorset House Publishing. Chen, P. P. (1976). The Entity Relationship Model Toward a Unified View of Data. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 1 1, pp. 9-36. Elmasri, R. and Navathe, S. (1994). Fundamentals of Database Systems, 2nd ed. , Redwood City, CA Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. Hawryszkiewycz, I. T. (1991). Database Analysis and Design, 2nd ed. , MacMillan Publishing Company. Jones, T. H. and Song, I. -Y. , (1995). Binary federal agency of Ternary Relationships in ER Conceptual Modeling, in 14th Intl Conf. on Object-oriented and EntityRelationship Approach, December 12-15, 1995, Australia, pp. 216-225. (Object- 231 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Oriented and Entity-Relationship Approach, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, Vol. 1021). Jones, T. H. and Song, I. -Y. , (1996). Analysis of Binary/ternary Cardinality Combinations in Entity-Relationship Modeling, Data & Knowledge Engine ering Vol 19, No. 1, pp. 39-64. Martin, J. (1989).Information Engineering Book II readying and Analysis, Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall. McFadden, F. , and Hoffa, J. (1994). Modern Database Management, 4th Ed. , Redwood City, CA Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. Ross, R. G. (1988). Entity Modeling Techniques and Application, Database Research Group, Inc. Shaler, S. and Mellor, S. J. (1988). Object-Oriented Systems Analysis Modeling the World in Data, Englewood Cliffs, NJ Yourdon Press. Song, I-Y. , Evans, M. , and Park, E. K. (1995). A Comparative Analysis of EntityRelationship Diagrams, Journal of Computer and Software Engineering, Vol. , No. 4 (1995), pp. 427-459. Song, I. Y. and Jones, T. H. (1995). Ternary Relationship Decomposition Strategies Based on Binary Imposition Rules, in 11th Intl Conf. on Data Engineering, March 610, 1995, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 485-492. Teorey, T. J. (1994). Database Modeling Design The Fundamental Principles, 2nd. ed. , Morgan Kauffman Pu blishers, Inc. Teorey, T. J. , Yang, D. , and Fry, J. P. , (1986). A Logical Design Methodology for Relational Databases Using the Extended Entity-Relationship Model. Computing Surveys, 1812, June, pp. 197-222. 232

Animal Environmental Problems

In the ever changing environment it is a daily struggle for animals to maintain there natural habitats. With the environmental and man do challenges that animals face it is important that we take steps to ensure their survival on earth. If we choose not to suffice wildlife in the future, not only will they suffer, but we will suffer for the losses. I will commence to explain what will happen if we dont take measures now to ensure their survival. The first have a go at it that needs to be dealt with is the amount of construction taking place in the realism today.For example, animals are losing their environments in rainforests and woods all over the world to clear the path for new buildings and construction. With nowhere to go, animals are losing their lives and uneffective to breed. Another reason the future of wildlife is in danger is because of global warming. With the amount of people in the world and all the waist and pollution that they create has caused severe climate ch anges worldwide. For example, the polar bears have been tinted by these climate changes due to the melted ice caps in the Antarctic.This causes them to travel greater distances in the search for forage and risking starvation. Finally, if we choose not to help wildlife in the future we will have the greatest loss to ourselves because umteen animals will become extinct and future generations will only be able to see these sightly creatures in photographs. In conclusion, it is up to us to ensure the future of wildlife by making changes that will affect not only animals but every human on earth.

My Emergency Room Experience Essay

I used to wonder what happens privileged the Emergency Room of hospitals, what it would be like for a long-suffering, for a doctor, and most especially for a nurse. As a nurse student, and as part of our program I was given an opportunity to have a clinical experience within the Emergency Room. I had a three hour experience inside the emergency room. Inside the emergency room, I took care of a patient who was admitted for food poisoning. My job was to deem care of the patient and to assist the doctor. But the focus of the experience was primarily to learn care of the patient.Our patient was there because of food poisoning. He was being administered with Flagyl (metronidazole) , an oral synthetic antiprotozoal and antibacterial agent. I helped in the medicine administration. I removed the Nasogastric tube, which was passed through the nose and down through the patients nasopharynx and esophagus into the stomach. The flexible tube made of rubber or plastic was used to remove the table of contents of the stomach, including air, to decompress the stomach, or to remove small solid objects and fluid, in this case the poison, from the stomach.The process was quick al genius I had to be careful because I was mindful of not hurting the patient in each way, I know that the removal of the nasogastric tube would cause discomfort and pain on the patient if I was not careful. My participation in the treatment of the food poisoning patient was little but I would say indispensable. What counts most was the care that I gave the patient. A nurse inside the emergency room moldiness at all times be attentive, alert and prepared. Inside the emergency room, the pace is quick and one should not be negligent of details. Every patient admitted are in need of urgent attention, which must be given.I was interested in the fast paced environment inside the emergency room. The movement of deal gave me energy. The adrenaline level of people was high and was contagious, such that if you were there, you would feel the rush and would be driven by the same energy. However, my experience was only for three hours and I can only speak for myself. I deliberate that should one be employed as an emergency room nurse, one should know all the aspects of this role of nursing. A nurse may be come across several setbacks such as injuries from curt objects such as needles, blades, etc.Also, patients in the emergency room have not been diagnosed before coming, so they may present a risk of infection . The stress of handling patients , some of whom may be heavy may bring about musculoskeletal problems and back pain . Continuous work eyepatch standing or walking causes fatigue and leg problems. These possibilities must not detract a nursing student. They are only possibilities, but with proper care and diligence they may be avoided. What is important to take into consideration is that in the emergency room, we help save lives by assisting those who need urgent care and med ication.

Kite Runner Essay Essay

There atomic number 18 only really a few stories to tell in the end, and treason and the misadventure of have it off is one(a) of those good stories to tell- Sean Lennon. Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner is a humbug that really is quite relevant to this quote. People qualification say that it isnt, but there perfidiousness in almost every nook and cranny of the story. Betrayal is simply defined as world disloyal to someone, yet it is so much more than that. Betrayal can cause the greatest sombreness in life. It can cripple a mans heart and could be the cause of ones death. emirs betrayal towards Hassan Babas betrayal towards amir, Hassan and Ali Rahim Khans betrayal towards ameer when he told him to get Sohrab and send him to joke and Betty Caldwell. All of them terrible betrayals, but in the end, the reason for all(prenominal) and every persons weaknesses, but more meaning(a)ly, their strengths. These are likely what makes the book so interesting. The failure of love is also a main topic throughout the book, how characters repeatedly disappoint each other, creating hatred, anger, sadness, and in conclusion even loss.In this book betrayal is the main action, the dominant style and the prevalent idea. I count on it makes it a lot like real life. The first betrayal mentioned in the book, and possibly the most important one is ameers betrayal towards Hassan when he silently watches as Hassan is raped. Throughout the book, ameer remembers, and reminds us of this betrayal towards Hassan and how it was his fault that Hassan was raped and eventually, how it was his fault Hassan was killed.In his letter, Rahim Khan says, What you did was wrong, Amir jan, but do not forget that you were a boy when it happened. A troubled little boy. He was right, it didnt excuse the luxate Amir had made but it gave him a reason to feel just a tiny topographic point better or so himself. But he didnt, Amir blamed himself for Hassans death, and over time in helped him grow as a person and even become a lot like Baba. He regrets the deed he did and tried to make things right by keep an eye oning Hassans son and big(a) him a better life after Hassan was killed.Even then, he goes back on his promise to Sohrab, Hassans son, that he would never put him back in an orphanage, cau netherworldg Sohrab to attempt committing self-annihilation, probably the darkest scene in the entire story. After being discharged from the hospital, Sohrab and Amir go back to San Francisco and from then on Sohrab lives on the periphery of Amir and Sorayas life. Then finally, Amir is given a chance at repurchase at the afghan gathering at the Lake Elizabeth Park in Fremont, when he started flying a increase and Sohrab decides to join him.After cutting down the last kite, Amir asks Sohrab whether or not he wants him to displace that kite for him, and Sohrab nods. Then Amir says, For you a thousand times over, the last Hassan had said to Amir before he was raped. The befriend most important betrayal mentioned in the book, which we find out close near the end of the book is Babas betrayal towards Amir, Hassan and Ali. After learning about this Amirs entire viewpoint of Baba changed. He no longer saw him as a towering get word of Pashtun might and began to see him as a thief, the very thing Baba had said to be the worst sin in the world.Babas betrayal had been that he was Hassans actual father, because Ali was actually sterile. Amir and Hassan had both big up unaware of this and Hassan had even died unaware of this. This betrayal caused many unfortunate events. If Amir had known about them being brothers, he might not realize let him get raped. If Hassan had known he might not have left with Ali and might not have died. And most importantly Sohrab wouldnt have to be an orphan. This betrayal caused Amir to travel to Afghanistan and get beaten up greatly by Assef.It was probably the betrayal that caused the most pain to the characters in the boo k. But it was a necessary act. In Afghan society, honour was and important factor to ones reputation, and if people had learnt that Hassan, the child of a Hazara woman, was the son of Baba, a greatly respected and highly reputed man, then he would most likely have lost all credibility in his community. Unfortunately the solution he had found for to let Ali think that he was the childs father. This act took all of Alis nang and namoos, his pride and honor, without his even realizing it.The third and of the listed, probably the least important betrayal in the book was Rahim Khans betrayal towards Amir when he lied about John and Betty Caldwell saying that Sohrab would be in a safe place with them. After the trauma both Amir and Sohrab go through, it turns out that the Caldwells dont even exist. This was the start of problems for Amir. After he no longer could send Sohrab to the Caldwells due to their lack of existence, he had no choice but to adopt him. When he asked, Sohrab didnt a nswer just cried into Amirs shirt.Later when Sohrab has to go to an orphanage so that Amir can complete the adoption process, Sohrab attempts suicide. Finally they make it back to San Francisco where Sohrab is always silent and eventually people begin thinking he is mute. Amir near-death experience and Sohrabs attempt at suicide could both have been avoided had Rahim Khan not called Amir, but then Amir would never have solved his emotional crisis. So even though it was a betrayal, it was a betrayal that valueted the people it betrayed.Betrayal and love are two factors that affect almost every emotional decision we make. The decision might benefit one small-arm putting others at a disadvantage. Amir, Baba and Rahim Khan, three of the most influential characters in the story are the ones to tell the biggest lies and cause the most pain. Baba and Amir cause emotional and psychological pain speckle Rahim Khans lie causes Amir a great deal of physical pain as well. But in the end Amir s lie hurt the people he loved, while Baba and Rahim Khan told lies that benefitted someone in one way or another.In Babas lie, Hassan had to make his identity element into that of a hazara, causing him to face taunts all the time, but it made it easier for him to be accepted, as much as a hazara is accepted in Afghan society, and saved his own reputation. If he had accepted Hassan as his second son, he would have been ridiculed and they would have to face shame together. Rahim Khans lie, while it physically caused Amir a great deal of pain, eventually ended his psychological turmoil and gave Sohrab a new inhabitancy in which he would be loved.But Amirs lie only caused pain and crucifixion for both him and Hassan. Hassan eventually had to leave the house as Amir could no longer tolerate the consequences of what he had done and therefore tried to frame Hassan. After their leaving, every time Baba brought up the topic of Hassan, Amir felt a pang of jealousy and began to have troubl e breathing. All in all, all the betrayals in the book, make it better in one way or another because after there are only a few good stories to tell, and the ones of betrayal and the failure of love are the best ones.